Butterfly wings and fiber optics: a science update

The butterflies you see all around, and some of the moths at night, get their color on their wings by two very different processes. Some, like the monarchs, have dyes in their wings that give color. But the more interesting ones are the tropical ones that shimmer and glisten — their wing colors are made from structures that they grow, structures that bend, reflect and contain light-like miniature prisms. These structures have been given the name of gyroids and they are about to change the world we all live in — in a good way.

These gyroids are nano-structures. That is, they are very, very small. To make them using the finest tools we have in labs is possible. What is far more exciting is the breakthroughs coming out of government labs and Penn State, where they are starting to grow them, called chalcogenide glass replicas. So far, word is they have not been too successful. Seems butterflies can grow them perfectly, whereas we are clumsy. But our scientists are getting better.

u      u      u

Now, you may ask, what are we doing this butterfly wing color stuff for? Well, imagine a fiber optic cable, channeling light across the nation. Along the way, it leaks signal through its wall and every 200 miles or so you have to put an amplifier in the line to re-boost the signal.

We just cannot seem to make fiber optic cable perfectly, so that 100 percent of the light in one end emerges out the other. It is kind of like electricity, without the insulation on the outside, some of the juice will leak to the surrounding environment. That is why high-tension wires crackle when it drizzles.

So, by growing these gyroids, chalcogenide glass replicas, to surround the fiber optic cable, it will keep bending the light back into the cable, enabling all the light to reach the other end. How effective is Mother Nature’s insulator? So far, scientists think it could save about $1 billion a year in amplifiers, undersea cable repair, computer installations and other high-tech needs.

u      u      u

Earth’s gravity is a constant, right? That is what they taught you in school anyway. Well, a new satellite called Gravity Field and Steady-State Ocean Circulation Explorer (GOCE) has just finished mapping the earth and it has discovered that gravity varies all over the place. And it may vary by season as well (the pull of the sun in our summer is higher).

The earth is a sphere (ball) that has a few flat spots. GOCE was designed to sense tiny variations in the pull of gravity over the earth’s surface. Scientists use that data stream from the satellite to build a gravity map of the earth. Using that map, they can see where gravity is less strong and other places where it is stronger.

What is perhaps even more interesting is that GOCE can also theoretically see where magma is building up deep underground as gravity increases beneath a volcano, or where a shift in tectonic plates is about to happen.

In time, they may use GOCE to predict earthquakes and volcanic activity. But for now, the gravity map is helping watch the movement of the mass of water around the globe, better predicting weather and tidal forces. And what also has come out of this is a gravity color map you can find online. It shows the strength or weakness of gravity where you live.

u      u      u

OK, the differences may seem slight (variation from 9.78m/sec/sec at the equator to 9.83/sec/sec at the poles), but already scientists are exploring the animal capability to detect such changes as part of primordial migration navigation. Which way is north for a tern? Maybe they follow the gravity gradient.

What is most interesting is research into human evolution and culture. Europe, China and Malaysia have almost an equal gravitational pull. It is like they are 250 feet above the surface of the earth whereas in North America and east Africa the pull is like you are on the surface. Except in northern England. There is an anomaly there, where you are 120 feet below the surface level, just like in southern India and Mongolia. It may be what gives us the sense of place, the feeling of being “at home.�

Peter Riva, formerly of Amenia Union, lives in New Mexico.

Latest News

Walking among the ‘Herd’

Michel Negroponte

Betti Franceschi

"Herd,” a film by Michel Negroponte, will be screening at The Norfolk Library on Saturday April 13 at 5:30 p.m. This mesmerizing documentary investigates the relationship between humans and other sentient beings by following a herd of shaggy Belted Galloway cattle through a little more than a year of their lives.

Negroponte and his wife have had a second home just outside of Livingston Manor, in the southwest corner of the Catskills, for many years. Like many during the pandemic, they moved up north for what they thought would be a few weeks, and now seldom return to their city dwelling. Adjacent to their property is a privately owned farm and when a herd of Belted Galloways arrived, Negroponte realized the subject of his new film.

Keep ReadingShow less
Fresh perspectives in Norfolk Library film series

Diego Ongaro

Photo submitted

Parisian filmmaker Diego Ongaro, who has been living in Norfolk for the past 20 years, has composed a collection of films for viewing based on his unique taste.

The series, titled “Visions of Europe,” began over the winter at the Norfolk Library with a focus on under-the-radar contemporary films with unique voices, highlighting the creative richness and vitality of the European film landscape.

Keep ReadingShow less
New ground to cover and plenty of groundcover

Young native pachysandra from Lindera Nursery shows a variety of color and delicate flowers.

Dee Salomon

It is still too early to sow seeds outside, except for peas, both the edible and floral kind. I have transplanted a few shrubs and a dogwood tree that was root pruned in the fall. I have also moved a few hellebores that seeded in the near woods back into their garden beds near the house; they seem not to mind the few frosty mornings we have recently had. In years past I would have been cleaning up the plant beds but I now know better and will wait at least six weeks more. I have instead found the most perfect time-consuming activity for early spring: teasing out Vinca minor, also known as periwinkle and myrtle, from the ground in places it was never meant to be.

Planting the stuff in the first place is my biggest ever garden regret. It was recommended to me as a groundcover that would hold together a hillside, bare after a removal of invasive plants save for a dozen or so trees. And here we are, twelve years later; there is vinca everywhere. It blankets the hillside and has crept over the top into the woods. It has made its way left and right. I am convinced that vinca is the plastic of the plant world. The stuff won’t die. (The name Vinca comes from the Latin ‘vincire’ which means ‘to bind or fetter.’) Last year I pulled a bunch and left it strewn on the roof of the root cellar for 6 months and the leaves were still green.

Keep ReadingShow less